1. Tensile Strength

During the stretching process, the maximum force (Fb) that the sample endures when it breaks is divided by the original cross-sectional area (So) of the sample. The stress (σ) is called the tensile strength (σb). The unit is N/mm2 (MPa). It represents the maximum ability of a metal material to resist damage under tension.

2. Yield Point

For metal materials with yield phenomenon, the stress at which the sample can continue to elongate without increasing (remaining constant) force during the stretching process is called the yield point. If the force decreases, the upper and lower yield points should be distinguished. The unit of yield point is N/mm2 (MPa).

3. Elongation After Break

In the tensile test, the percentage of the increased length of the gauge length of the specimen after it is broken to the original gauge length is called elongation. Expressed by σ, the unit is %.

4. Area Shrinkage

In the tensile test, the percentage of the maximum reduction in the cross-sectional area at the reduced diameter after the specimen is broken and the original cross-sectional area is called the reduction of area. Expressed by ψ, the unit is %.

5. Hardness Index

The ability of a metal material to resist the indentation of the surface by hard objects is called hardness. According to different test methods and application scopes, hardness can be divided into Brinell hardness, Rockwell hardness, Vickers hardness, Shore hardness, microhardness, and high-temperature hardness. For galvanized pipes, three commonly used hardness indexes are Brinell, Rockwell, and Vickers.

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