The types of welding deformation mainly include the following:
1. Welding shrinkage deformation: The welded joint is affected by heat input during the welding process and shrinks. This deformation usually manifests as a shortening of the joint length, angle change, and deformation of the local area.
2. Welding bending deformation: The welded joint has a temperature gradient during the cooling process, and the shrinkage degree of different parts is different, resulting in bending deformation of the joint. This deformation usually occurs in structures such as welded plates and pipes.
3. Welding warping deformation: The local shrinkage degree of the welded joint is different, generating a torsional torque, and causing the joint to warp. This deformation usually occurs in thin plate welding, such as welding flat steel, thin plates, etc.
4. Welding torsional deformation: The welded joint is subjected to torsional torque, resulting in rotational deformation of the joint. This deformation usually occurs in annular structures, such as welded pipes, wheels, etc.

The amount and type of distortion caused by residual stresses during welding and the degree of restraint can affect the amount and type of distortion. The root cause of distortion in welding is high-temperature application.
1. Transverse Shrinkage: Shrinkage is caused by shrinkage perpendicular to the weld. This type of deformation occurs perpendicularly through the cross section of the weld and parallel to the weld.
2. Longitudinal Shrinkage: This deformation is caused by forces parallel to the weld, and shrinkage occurs in a direction perpendicular to the weld.
3. Angular Distortion: This deformation is a form of transverse shrinkage and tends to occur most often. It occurs when the shrinkage forces are stronger on one side of the neutral axis causing the material to bend in that direction.
4. Bowling and Sagging: Longitudinal shrinkage in a weld can cause the section to bend into a curved shape when the weld is unbalanced along the mid-axis of the cross section.
5. Buckling: Often occurring in thin metal structures, buckling is time consuming and difficult to correct.

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